Xpose tv.Live, Surabaya – Swastamita (Matahari terbenam) adalah waktu di mana matahari menghilang di bawah garis cakrawala di sebelah barat. Warna merah di langit pada waktu Matahari terbenam dan terbit disebabkan oleh kombinasi hamburan Rayleigh warna biru dan tingkat kepadatan atmosfer bumi.
Berdasarkan perhitungan astronomis, matahari dikatakan terbenam ketika titik tengah tampak matahari berada di 50 menit busur di bawah ufuk barat atau berada pada 90,833° dari titik zenit.
Hasil angka 50 menit busur di bawah ufuk barat diperoleh dari perhitungan jumlah rerata pembiasan atmosfer sebesar 34 menit busur yang ditambah dengan radius semu matahari di ufuk barat sebesar 16 menit busur.
Secara sederhana, matahari dapat dinyatakan terbenam sesungguhnya ketika bagian atas piringan tampak matahari sudah berada di bawah ufuk barat.
Waktu tepat matahari terbenam dapat bervariasi sepanjang tahun. Variasi waktu tersebut disebabkan oleh ketinggian, zona waktu, dan garis bujur & lintangsuatu lokasi pengamatan matahari terbenam.
Selain itu, variasi waktu tepat matahari terbenam dipengaruhi oleh kemiringan sumbu bumi, rotasi harian bumi, pergerakan planet pada orbit elips tahunannya terhadap matahari, serta revolusi bumi bersama bulan mengelilingi matahari. Analema matahari pun dapat digunakan untuk mengetahui variasi waktu tepat matahari terbenam.
Di wilayah khatulistiwa dan sekitarnya, variasi waktu tepat matahari terbenam utamanya dipengaruhi oleh analema matahari. Sementara itu, variasi waktu tepat matahari terbenam di lintang tinggi disebabkan oleh kemiringan sumbu bumi sebesar 23,5°.
Di saat musim panas dan gugur, durasi waktu siang semakin hari semakin singkat dan waktu matahari terbenam menjadi lebih cepat hingga hari-hari sebelum titik balik matahari di musim dingin pada bulan Juni di belahan bumi selatan dan pada bulan Desember di belahan bumi utara.
Setelah titik balik matahari di musim dingin hingga akhir musim semi, durasi waktu siang semakin hari semakin panjang dan waktu matahari terbenam menjadi lebih lama hingga hari-hari sebelum titik balik matahari di musim panas pada bulan Desember di belahan bumi selatan dan pada bulan Juni dibelahan bumi utara.
Oleh: Prof (HCUA) Dr. Mia Amiati, S.H., M.H., CMA., CSLL.
(@LW)
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